【钱钟书:窗】
又是春天,窗子可以常开了。春天从窗外进来,人在屋子里坐不住,就从门里出去。
不过屋子外的春天太贱了!到处是阳光,不像射破屋里阴深的那样明亮;到处是给太阳晒得懒洋洋的风,不像搅动屋里沉闷的那样有生气。就是鸟语,也似乎琐碎而单薄,需要屋里的寂静来做衬托。我们因此明白,春天是该镶嵌在窗子里看的,好比画配了框子。
同时,我们悟到,门和窗有不同的意义。当然,门是造了让人出进的。但是,窗子有时也可作为进出口用,譬如小偷或小说里私约的情人就喜欢爬窗子。所以窗子和门的根本分别,决不仅是有没有人进来出去。若据赏春一事来看,我们不妨这样说:有了门,我们可以出去;有了窗,我们可以不必出去。窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜,把风和太阳逗引进来,使屋子里也关着一部分春天,让我们安坐了享受,无需再到外面去找。古代诗人像陶渊明对于窗子的这种精神,颇有会心。《归去来辞》有两句道:"倚南窗以寄傲,审容膝之易安。"不等于说,只要有窗可以凭眺,就是小屋子也住得么?
他又说:"夏月虚闲,高卧北窗之下,清风飒至,自谓羲皇上人。"意思是只要窗子透风,小屋子可成极乐世界;他虽然是柴桑人,就近有庐山,也用不着上去避暑。所以,门许我们追求,表示欲望,窗子许我们占领,表示享受。这个分别,不但是住在屋里的人的看法,有时也适用于屋外的来人。一个外来者,打门请进,有所要求,有所询问,他至多是个客人,一切要等主人来决定。反过来说,一个钻窗子进来的人,不管是偷东西还是偷情,早已决心来替你做个暂时的主人,顾不到你的欢迎和拒绝了。缪塞(Musset)在《少女做的是什么梦》那首诗剧里,有句妙语,略谓父亲开了门,请进了物质上的丈夫(matérielépoux),但是理想的爱人(idéal),总是从窗子出进的。
换句话说,从前门进来的,只是形式上的女婿,虽然经丈人看中,还待博取小姐自己的欢心;要是从后窗进来的,才是女郎们把灵魂肉体完全交托的真正情人。你进前门,先要经门房通知,再要等主人出现,还得寒暄几句,方能说明来意,既费心思,又费时间,那像从后窗进来的直捷痛快?好像学问的捷径,在乎书背后的引得,若从前面正文看起,反见得迂远了。这当然只是在社会常态下的分别,到了战争等变态时期、屋子本身就保不住,还讲什么门和窗!
世界上的屋子全有门,而不开窗的屋子我们还看得到。这指示出窗比门代表更高的人类进化阶段。门是住屋子者的需要,窗多少是一种奢侈,屋子的本意,只像鸟窠兽窟,准备人回来过夜的,把门关上,算是保护。但是墙上开了窗子,收入光明和空气,使我们白天不必到户外去,关了门也可生活。
屋子在人生里因此增添了意义,不只是避风雨、过夜的地方,并且有了陈设,挂着书画,是我们从早到晚思想、工作、娱乐、演出人生悲喜剧的场子。门是人的进出口,窗可以说是天的进出口。屋子本是人造了为躲避自然的胁害,而向四垛墙、一个屋顶里,窗引诱了一角天进来,驯服了它,给人利用,好比我们笼络野马,变为家畜一样。从此我们在屋子里就能和自然接触,不必去找光明,换空气,光明和空气会来找到我们。所以,人对于自然的胜利,窗也是一个。不过,这种胜利,有如女人对于男子的胜利,表面上看来好像是让步――人开了窗让风和日光进来占领,谁知道来占领这个地方的就给这个地方占领去了!我们刚说门是需要,需要是不由人做得主的。譬如饿了就要吃,渴了就得喝。所以,有人敲门,你总得去开,也许是易卜生所说比你下一代的青年想冲进来,也许像德昆西论谋杀后闻打门声所说,光天化日的世界想攻进黑暗罪恶的世界,也许是浪子回家,也许是有人借债(更许是讨债),你愈不知道,怕去开,你愈想知道究竟,愈要去开。甚至每天邮差打门的声音,也使你起了带疑惧的希冀,因为你不知道而又愿知道他带来的是什么消息。门的开关是由不得你的。但是窗呢?你清早起来,只要把窗幕拉过一边,你就知道窗外有什么东西在招呼着你,是雪,是雾,是雨,还是好太阳,决定要不要开窗子。上面说过窗子算得奢侈品,奢侈品原是在人看情形斟酌增减的。
我常想,窗可以算房屋的眼睛。刘熙译名说:"窗,聪也;于内窥外,为聪明也。"正和凯罗(GottfriedKeller)《晚歌》(Abendlied)起句所谓:"双瞳如小窗(Fensterlein),佳景收历历。"同样地只说着一半。眼睛是灵魂的窗户,我们看见外界,同时也让人看到了我们的内心;眼睛往往跟着心在转,所以孟子认为相人莫良于眸子,梅特林克戏剧里的情人接吻时不闭眼,可以看见对方有多少吻要从心里上升到嘴边。
我们跟戴黑眼镜的人谈话,总觉得捉摸不住他的用意,仿佛他以假面具相对,就是为此。据爱戈门(Eckermann)记一八三○年四月五日歌德的谈话,歌德恨一切戴眼镜的人,说他们看得清楚他脸上的皱纹,但是他给他们的玻璃片耀得眼花缭乱,看不出他们的心境。窗子许里面人看出去,同时也许外面人看进来,所以在热闹地方住的人要用窗帘子,替他们私生活做个保障。晚上访人,只要看窗里有无灯光,就约略可以猜到主人在不在家,不必打开了门再问,好比不等人开口,从眼睛里看出他的心思。关窗的作用等于闭眼。天地间有许多景象是要闭了眼才看得见的,譬如梦。假使窗外的人声物态太嘈杂了,关了窗好让灵魂自由地去探胜,安静地默想。有时,关窗和闭眼也有连带关系,你觉得窗外的世界不过尔尔,并不能给与你什么满足,你想回到故乡,你要看见跟你分离的亲友,你只有睡觉,闭了眼向梦里寻去,于是你起来先关了窗。因为只是春天,还留着残冷,窗子也不能镇天镇夜不关的。
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